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Best Practices When Using Duplex Stainless Steels
Gain deeper insight into duplex stainless steel and master best practices in metallurgy for peak performance in demanding applications.
Things to Know About PREN
Highlighting the importance of factors beyond PREN, like manufacturing processes and heat treatment, is essential for predicting corrosion resistance accurately in various environments.
Coming to Tampa!
We are pleased to announce the grand opening of our new bar processing facility dedicated to stainless bar processing.
2024 Trade Shows
Come talk to a Rolled Alloys representative in person about your project. You can find us at these trade shows.
Best Practices When Using Specialty Materials for SWRO Feed and Brine Reject Lines
In our webinar, we’ll explore the fascinating journey of stainless steels in SWRO (Seawater Reverse Osmosis) applications.
Los Angeles Operations Tour
Welcome to Rolled Alloys, Los Angeles, where our General Manager, Carol Plana, with nearly two decades of experience, leads an operations tour. Our primary focus is on serving aerospace and space exploration customers, offering a unique inventory of titanium in various forms, and specializing in customizing materials to meet specific customer requirements.
Dual Certification
The term “dual certification” is primarily employed when certifying a material as meeting the specifications for two separate alloys.
Determining Condition of Age-Hardenable Alloys
There is a lot of confusion about the condition that age-hardenable materials, such as 17-4 or 718 are in. Are they annealed, solution annealed, or aged; and how can you tell?
Age-hardenable materials are heat treated to a particular sequence:
Understanding High-Temperature Distortion of Metals
When metals are subjected to high temperatures, they undergo expansion. The extent of expansion is measured in terms of the coefficient of thermal expansion. This physical property is frequently cited for various engineering materials.
Introduction to Heat Resistant Alloys
We have been supporting the heat-resistant alloy market for over 70 years. Many different industries, such as thermal processing, chemical processing, and power generation, depend on the capabilities of these alloys to perform day-to-day activities.
Sheet and Plate Flatness
We would prefer it if all plates and sheets were “flat”. Unfortunately, the reality is quite different, and the standard commercial specifications for producing these products recognize this reality. The requirements for the flatness of plate and sheet products sold by Rolled Alloys vary considerably by the type of product, alloy, thickness, and size of the piece.
Pipe Sizes and Tolerances
Steel pipe sizes are based on historical dimensions, called Nominal Pipe Sizes (NPS), which standardize the nominal outside diameter (OD). Additionally, a series of standard wall thicknesses known as Schedules (SCH) was also developed years ago. The units for both NPS and SCH are dimensionless.
Machining Stainless Steel and Nickel Alloys
In most circumstances, machining stainless steel and nickel alloys is more difficult than machining low-alloy steels. However, there are a wide range of compositions, and some grades can have better machinability than mild steel.
Ferrite Content in Austenitic Stainless Steels
The basic 300 series stainless steels like 304/304L and 316/316L have an austenitic microstructure and are non-magnetic. In the annealed condition, they are essentially free of ferrite, which is magnetic…
Material Test Reports
Understanding material test reports (MTRs) can be challenging for those who seldom need to interpret them. There is no standard format for reporting the required information on an MTR, which leads to mills generating MTRs with varying formats.
Rolled Alloys provides the following information to offer a basic understanding of the various titanium grades and their relative properties.
Titanium comes in two main categories: commercially pure grades and titanium alloy grades. Titanium alloy categories include alpha-titanium, beta-titanium, and alpha-beta titanium, which correspond to different structural phases of the material. The commercially pure grades are classified as Grades 1 through 4. Each grade exhibits distinct variations in allowable element limits and strength levels. More detailed information about the chemical compositions and mechanical properties of these grades is provided below.
Grade | C | N | O | H | Fe | Ti |
1 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.18 | 0.015 | 0.2 | Bal |
2 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.25 | 0.015 | 0.3 | Bal |
3 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.35 | 0.015 | 0.3 | Bal |
4 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.40 | 0.015 | 0.5 | Bal |
*All values are maximums unless a range is provided
Grade | Tensile (ksi) | Yield (ksi) | Elongation (%) |
1 | 35 | 20 | 24 |
2 | 50 | 40 | 20 |
3 | 65 | 55 | 18 |
4 | 80 | 70 | 15 |
*All values are minimums per ASTM B348
Three titanium alloys closely resemble commercially pure titanium being Grades 7, 11, and 12. Grade 7 is comparable to Grade 2 in terms of mechanical properties but boasts superior corrosion resistance due to the addition of up to 0.25% Pd, making it exceptionally resilient against reducing acids. Similarly, Grade 11 shares similarities with Grade 1 but includes an addition of up to 0.25% Pd, enhancing its resistance to crevice corrosion and reducing acids. Grade 12, on the other hand, features slightly higher minimum mechanical property requirements than Grade 3 but lower than Grade 4. What sets Grade 12 apart from the commercially pure grades is its composition, containing 0.60-0.90% nickel content and 0.20-0.40% molybdenum. The tables below present the chemical compositions and mechanical properties of these alloys.
Grade | C | N | O | H | Fe | Pd | Ni | Mo | Ti |
7 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.25 | 0.015 | 0.30 | 0.12-0.25 | – | – | Bal |
11 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.18 | 0.015 | 0.20 | 0.12-0.25 | – | – | Bal |
12 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.25 | 0.015 | 0.30 | – | 0.60-0.90 | 0.20-0.40 | Bal |
*All values are maximums unless a range is provided
Grade | Tensile (ksi) | Yield (ksi) | Elongation (%) |
7 | 50 | 40 | 20 |
11 | 35 | 20 | 24 |
12 | 70 | 50 | 18 |
*All values are minimums per ASTM B348
The next alloy, often called “6-4” or Grade 5, is the most widely used titanium alloy globally, constituting over half of the world’s titanium production. Another widely utilized variation is 6-4 ELI (Extra Low Interstitial), recognized as Grade 23, predominantly employed in the medical implant industry. All 6-4 alloys belong to the alpha-beta alloy category and can be heat-treated to achieve a wide range of properties, depending on the heat treatment applied. However, it’s worth noting that 6-4 ELI presents challenges in achieving minimum mechanical heat-treat properties due to its strict maximum oxygen requirement. Please consult the table below for detailed information on chemistry and typical mechanical properties.
Grade | Al | V | C | N | O | H | Fe | Ti |
5 | 5.50-6.75 | 3.50-4.50 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.20 | 0.015 | 0.40 | Bal |
5 STA | 5.50-6.75 | 3.50-4.50 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.20 | 0.015 | 0.40 | Bal |
23 | 5.50-6.50 | 3.50-4.50 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.0125 | 0.25 | Bal |
*All values are maximums unless a range is provided
Grade | Tensile (ksi) | Yield (ksi) | Elongation (%) |
5 | 130 | 120 | 10 |
5 STA | 130 | 120 | 10 |
23 | 120 | 110 | 10 |
*All values are minimums per ASTM B348
For more specific titanium questions, give us a call at 800-521-0332 or email us at help-tech@rolledalloys.com
Titanium Grade Chemistry Table
Grade | C | O | N | H | Fe | Al | V | Pd | Ru | Ni | Mo | Cr | Co | Zr | Nb | Sn | Si | Ti |
1 | 0.08 | 0.18 | 0.03 | 0.015 | 0.20 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Bal |
2 | 0.08 | 0.25 | 0.03 | 0.015 | 0.30 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Bal |
3 | 0.08 | 0.35 | 0.05 | 0.015 | 0.30 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Bal |
4 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.015 | 0.50 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Bal |
5 | 0.08 | 0.20 | 0.05 | 0.015 | 0.40 | 5.50-6.75 | 3.50-4.50 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Bal |
6 | 0.08 | 0.20 | 0.03 | 0.015 | 0.50 | 4.00-6.00 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2.00-3.00 | – | Bal |
7 | 0.08 | 0.25 | 0.03 | 0.015 | 0.30 | – | – | 0.12-0.25 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Bal |
9 | 0.08 | 0.15 | 0.03 | 0.015 | 0.25 | 2.50-3.50 | 2.00-3.00 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Bal |
11 | 0.08 | 0.18 | 0.03 | 0.015 | 0.20 | – | – | 0.12-0.25 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Bal |
12 | 0.08 | 0.25 | 0.03 | 0.015 | 0.30 | – | – | – | – | 0.60-0.90 | 0.20-0.40 | – | – | – | – | – | – | Bal |
13 | 0.08 | 0.1 | 0.03 | 0.015 | 0.20 | – | – | – | 0.04-0.06 | 0.40-0.60 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Bal |
14 | 0.08 | 0.15 | 0.03 | 0.015 | 0.30 | – | – | – | 0.04-0.06 | 0.40-0.60 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Bal |
15 | 0.08 | 0.25 | 0.05 | 0.015 | 0.30 | – | – | – | 0.04-0.06 | 0.40-0.60 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Bal |
16 | 0.08 | 0.25 | 0.03 | 0.015 | 0.30 | – | – | 0.04-0.08 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Bal |
17 | 0.08 | 0.18 | 0.03 | 0.015 | 0.20 | – | – | 0.04-0.08 | – | – | – |
| – | – | – | – | – | Bal |
18 | 0.08 | 0.15 | 0.03 | 0.015 | 0.25 | 2.50-3.50 | 2.00-3.00 | 0.04-0.08 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Bal |
19 | 0.05 | 0.12 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.30 | 3.00-4.00 | 7.50-8.50 | – | – | – | 3.50-4.50 | 5.50-6.50 | – | 3.50-4.50 | – | – | – | Bal |
20 | 0.05 | 0.12 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.30 | 3.00-4.00 | 7.50-8.50 | 0.04-0.08 | – | – | 3.50 | 5.50-6.50 | – | – | – | – | – | Bal |
21 | 0.05 | 0.17 | 0.03 | 0.015 | 0.40 | 2.50-3.50 | – | – | – | – | 4.50 | – | – | – | 2.20-3.20 | – | 0.15-0.25 | Bal |
23 | 0.08 | 0.13 | 0.03 | 0.0125 | 0.25 | 5.50-6.50 | 3.50-4.50 | – | – | – | 14.00-16.00 | – | – | – | – | – | – | Bal |
24 | 0.08 | 0.20 | 0.05 | 0.015 | 0.40 | 5.50-6.75 | 3.50-4.50 | 0.04-0.08 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Bal |
25 | 0.08 | 0.20 | 0.05 | 0.015 | 0.40 | 5.50-6.75 | 3.50-4.50 | 0.04-0.08 | – | 0.30-0.08 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Bal |
26 | 0.08 | 0.25 | 0.03 | 0.015 | 0.30 | – | – | – | 0.08-0.14 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Bal |
27 | 0.08 | 0.18 | 0.03 | 0.015 | 0.20 | – | – | – | 0.08-0.14 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Bal |
28 | 0.08 | 0.15 | 0.03 | 0.015 | 0.25 | 2.50-3.50 | 2.00-3.00 | – | 0.08-0.14 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Bal |
29 | 0.08 | 0.13 | 0.03 | 0.0125 | 0.25 | 5.50-6.50 | 3.50-4.50 | – | 0.08-0.14 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Bal |
30 | 0.08 | 0.25 | 0.03 | 0.015 | 0.30 | – | – | 0.04-0.08 | – | – | – | – | 0.20-0.80 | – | – | – | – | Bal |
31 | 0.08 | 0.35 | 0.05 | 0.015 | 0.30 | – | – | 0.04-0.08 | – | – | – | – | 0.20-0.80 | – | – | – | – | Bal |
32 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.03 | 0.015 | 0.25 | 4.50-5.50 | 0.60-1.40 | – | – | – | 0.60-1.20 | – | – | 0.60-1.40 | – | 0.60-1.40 | 0.60-0.14 | Bal |
33 | 0.08 | 0.25 | 0.03 | 0.015 | 0.30 | – | – | 0.01-0.02 | 0.02-0.04 | 0.35-0.55 | – | 0.10-0.20 | – | – | – | – | – | Bal |
34 | 0.08 | 0.35 | 0.05 | 0.015 | 0.30 | – | – | 0.01-0.02 | 0.02-0.04 | 0.35-0.55 | – | 0.10-0.20 | – | – | – | – | – | Bal |
35 | 0.08 | 0.25 | 0.05 | 0.015 | 0.20-0.80 | 4.00-5.00 | 1.10-2.10 | – | – | – | 1.50-2.50 | – | – | – | – | – | 0.20-0.40 | Bal |
36 | 0.04 | 0.16 | 0.03 | 0.015 | 0.03 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 42.00-47.00 | – | – | Bal |
37 | 0.08 | 0.25 | 0.03 | 0.015 | 1.20-1.80 | 1.00-2.00 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| – | – | Bal |
38 | 0.08 | 0.20-0.30 | 0.03 | 0.015 |
| 3.50-4.50 | 2.00-3.00 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| – | – | Bal |
*All values are maximums unless a range is provided
Titanium Grade Mechanical Property Table
|
Grade |
Tensile (ksi) |
Yield (ksi) |
Elongation (%) |
|
1 |
35 |
20 |
24 |
|
2 |
50 |
40 |
20 |
|
2H |
58 |
40 |
20 |
|
3 |
65 |
55 |
18 |
|
4 |
80 |
70 |
15 |
|
5 |
130 |
150 |
10 |
|
6 |
120 |
115 |
10 |
|
7 |
50 |
40 |
20 |
|
7H |
58 |
40 |
20 |
|
9 |
90 |
70 |
15 |
|
9D |
90 |
70 |
12 |
|
11 |
35 |
20 |
24 |
|
12 |
70 |
50 |
18 |
|
13 |
40 |
25 |
24 |
|
14 |
60 |
40 |
20 |
|
15 |
70 |
55 |
18 |
|
16 |
50 |
40 |
20 |
|
16H |
58 |
40 |
20 |
|
17 |
35 |
20 |
24 |
|
18 |
90 |
70 |
15 |
|
18D |
90 |
70 |
12 |
|
19E |
115 |
110 |
15 |
|
19F |
135 |
130 to 159 |
10 |
|
19G |
165 |
160 to 185 |
5 |
|
20E |
115 |
110 |
15 |
|
20F |
135 |
130 to 159 |
10 |
|
20G |
165 |
160 to 185 |
5 |
|
21E |
115 |
110 |
15 |
|
21F |
140 |
130 to 159 |
10 |
|
21G |
170 |
160 to 185 |
8 |
|
23 |
120 |
110 |
10 |
|
23D |
120 |
110 |
7.5, 6.0 |
|
24 |
130 |
120 |
10 |
|
25 |
130 |
120 |
10 |
|
26 |
50 |
40 |
20 |
|
26H |
58 |
40 |
20 |
|
27 |
35 |
20 |
24 |
|
28 |
90 |
70 |
15 |
|
28D |
90 |
70 |
12 |
|
29 |
120 |
110 |
10 |
|
29D |
120 |
110 |
7.5, 6.0 |
|
30 |
50 |
40 |
20 |
|
31 |
65 |
55 |
18 |
|
32 |
100 |
85 |
10 |
|
33 |
50 |
40 |
20 |
|
34 |
65 |
55 |
18 |
|
35 |
130 |
120 |
5 |
|
36 |
65 |
60 to 95 |
10 |
|
37 |
50 |
31 |
20 |
|
38 |
130 |
115 |
10 |
*All values are minimums per ASTM B348
D Properties for material in transformed-beta condition.
E Properties for solution treated condition.
F Properties for solution treated and aged condition–Moderate strength (determined by aging temperature).
G Properties for solution treated and aged condition–High strength (determined by aging temperature).
Best Practices When Using Duplex Stainless Steels
Gain deeper insight into duplex stainless steel and master best practices in metallurgy for peak performance in demanding applications.
Things to Know About PREN
Highlighting the importance of factors beyond PREN, like manufacturing processes and heat treatment, is essential for predicting corrosion resistance accurately in various environments.
Coming to Tampa!
We are pleased to announce the grand opening of our new bar processing facility dedicated to stainless bar processing.
2024 Trade Shows
Come talk to a Rolled Alloys representative in person about your project. You can find us at these trade shows.
Best Practices When Using Specialty Materials for SWRO Feed and Brine Reject Lines
In our webinar, we’ll explore the fascinating journey of stainless steels in SWRO (Seawater Reverse Osmosis) applications.
Los Angeles Operations Tour
Welcome to Rolled Alloys, Los Angeles, where our General Manager, Carol Plana, with nearly two decades of experience, leads an operations tour. Our primary focus is on serving aerospace and space exploration customers, offering a unique inventory of titanium in various forms, and specializing in customizing materials to meet specific customer requirements.
